The Future (လ်ုခါင့်လ်ုယာ့)

[September 25, 2022] ထိက်တင်ဓံင့်, ဖၠုံထီ့ခါန်ႋ
Updated [January 2, 2023] ထ်ုအင်, ဖၠုံထီ့ခါန်ႋ

“Our imagination is the only limit to what we can hope to have in the future.”
Charles F. Kettering, American Inventor (1876-1958)

Energy

The Debate Over Small Nuclear Reactors (18 Sep 2022)
https://learningenglish.voanews.com/amp/the-debate-over-small-nuclear-reactors/6744569.html

US to help Thailand develop small nuclear reactors (19 Nov 2022)
https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2441459/us-to-help-thailand-develop-small-nuclear-reactors

ROSATOM and the Republic of the Union of Myanmar signed the Мemorandum of understanding (22 Nov 2022) https://www.rosatom.ru/en/press-centre/news/rosatom-and-the-republic-of-the-union-of-myanmar-signed-the-memorandum-of-understanding/

SMR Race
Rolls-Royce Small Modular Reactors (UK)
https://www.rolls-royce.com/innovation/small-modular-reactors.aspx#/
https://www.rolls-royce-smr.com/press/rolls-royce-smr-entering-regulatory-assessment-process

Rosatom State Atomiс Energy Corporation (Russia)
https://www.rosatom.ru/en/index.html

NuScale Power (US)
https://www.nuscalepower.com/

Problem
Nuclear Waste

Solution Attempts

List of radioactive waste treatment technologies

  • Storage
    • Deep geological repository
    • Dry cask storage
    • Ducrete
    • Ocean floor disposal
    • Saltcrete
    • Spent fuel pool
    • Spent nuclear fuel shipping cask (transportation)
    • Synroc
    • Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
    • Deep borehole disposal
    • Vitrification / Geomelting
  • Treatment

Deep Isolation
https://www.deepisolation.com/technology/

When I started using Quora, I got to read many answers from Prof. Richard Muller and that is how I got to know Deep Isolation.
Richard Muller - Quora
https://www.quora.com/profile/Richard-Muller-3

Space

SpaceX, Resuable Rockets
https://www.spacex.com

Stokespace, 100% Reusable Rockets
https://www.stokespace.com/

Relativity, 3D Printed Space Rockets
https://www.relativityspace.com/

SpinLaunch, Giant Slingshot Space Rocket Launcher
https://www.spinlaunch.com/orbital

Finance

• Informal value transfer system
https://w.wiki/5sB3
“An informal value transfer system (IVTS) is any system, mechanism, or network of people that receives money for the purpose of making the funds or an equivalent value payable to a third party in another geographic location, whether or not in the same form.”

  • the host country and the receiving country have no diplomatic ties or the host country actively discourage the sending of money to the receiving country.
  • the constant change in the world political environments, unsatisfiable payment systems, and/or a rapid continuously changing financial sector;
  • a lack of easily accessible formal financial institutions in remote areas of some countries;
  • transfers that are more efficient, reliable, and cheaper than formal financial institutions. (For example, a wire transfer of funds using banks involves fees charged to the sender and receiver, may take from two to seven days to complete, and may be delayed or lost. Funds moved through IVTS are usually available within 24 hours, with minimal or no fees charged to the participants);
  • to avoid paying higher foreign exchange rates. (Funds sent through traditional transfers are converted to the currency of the recipient’s country; the fee charged for exchange rate conversion is set by the institution. IVTS operators, who speculate in currency exchange rates, charge lower fees);
  • to avoid paying transfer taxes;
  • to ensure anonymity since there may be minimal or no records maintained; or
  • to avoid mandatory reporting of large transactions from financial institutions to governments.

• Value transfer system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_transfer_system
“A value transfer system refers to any system, mechanism, or network of people that receives money for the purpose of making the funds or an equivalent value payable to a third party in another geographic location, whether or not in the same form.”

  • Retail value transfer systems:
    • Traditional retail value transfer systems, e.g. Bank transfer, Wire transfer, Post offices transfer service or specialist companies such as Western Union
    • Internet-only value transfer systems, e.g. Electronic money such as PayPal, eGold, Liberty Reserve
      • Cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ethereum, etc.
  • Institutional formal value transfer systems, e.g. SWIFT (International), domestic real-time gross settlement (RTGS) systems such as LVTS (Canada), Fedwire (USA), CHAPS (UK)
  • Informal value transfer systems, e.g. hawala

• It’s All About the Money (Movement): Simplifying Cross-Border Payments by Joe Schmidt and Anish Acharya
https://a16z.com/2022/09/15/its-all-about-the-money-movement-simplifying-cross-border-payments/
“These two aspects—money not actually “moving” and SWIFT not actually sending money anywhere—are common misconceptions when it comes to global payments.”
“So, if money never moves, why do cross-border transactions take so long and cost so much to complete? As you might guess, the distributed global ledger is to blame.”

• Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT
“The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), legally S.W.I.F.T. SC, is a Belgian cooperative society providing services related to the execution of financial transactions and payments between banks worldwide.”

• Sistema Peredachi Finansovykh Soobscheniy (SPFS, Russia)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPFS
“SPFS (Russian: Система передачи финансовых сообщений (СПФС), romanized: Sistema peredachi finansovykh soobscheniy, lit. ’System for Transfer of Financial Messages’) is a Russian equivalent of the SWIFT financial transfer system, developed by the Central Bank of Russia.”

• Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS, India)
https://w.wiki/5sB2
“Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS) is a secure messaging standard developed to serve as a platform for intra-bank and inter-bank applications. It is an Indian standard similar to SWIFT (Society for World-wide Interbank Financial Telecommunications) which is the international messaging system used for financial messaging globally.”

• Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX, Europe)
https://w.wiki/5sA$
“The Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX) is a European special-purpose vehicle (SPV) established on 31 January 2019. Its mission is to facilitate non-USD and non-SWIFT transactions with Iran to avoid breaking U.S. sanctions.”

• Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS, China)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Border_Interbank_Payment_System
“The Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) is a payment system which offers clearing and settlement services for its participants in cross-border RMB payments and trade. Backed by the People’s Bank of China (PBOC), China launched the CIPS in 2015 to internationalise RMB use. CIPS also counts several foreign banks as shareholders including HSBC, Standard Chartered, the Bank of East Asia, DBS Bank, Citi, Australia and New Zealand Banking Group and BNP Paribas.”

• SWIFT, SPFS, SFMS, INSTEX, CIPS - In Light of Russia- Ukraine Crisis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jofyFL62MH8

• Clearing House Interbank Payments System (CHIPS)
https://www.theclearinghouse.org/payment-systems/chips
“CHIPS is the largest private sector USD clearing system in the world, clearing and settling $1.8 trillion in domestic and international payments per day. CHIPS provides fast and final payments and the most efficient liquidity savings mechanism available today.”

• Sanctions, SWIFT, and China’s Cross-Border Interbank Payments System
https://www.csis.org/analysis/sanctions-swift-and-chinas-cross-border-interbank-payments-system

Written on September 25, 2022